Page 36 - Standard Indicators for the social appropriation of science

The experience of the Science Camps in five countries, in particular the contribution of the experts
who made presentations and engaged in a dialogue with participants allowed us to collect relevant
information about the four science topics addressed . This chapter contains the main questions
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students asked after watching the videos, as well as the answers the experts provided. We believe
this can be useful for clarifying participants’ doubts during science dissemination events. Additionally,
we collected a list of trustworthy online resources for the four topics.

4.1 Climate change

Climate change models
emissions and volcanic activity.
What are climate models? How are they
built? There are several models and they coincide at
the climatic level, but differ in the representation
The climate models are models that solve of processes on a smaller scale, so some of
Newton’s equations (Fr = m.a is the basis of them show more detail. Climate models solve
all models in the physics of climate models). mathematical equations that describe the
The equation comes from 1716 and in 1862 in physics of the atmosphere, oceans, and land
France it was adapted for fluid circulation. The surface, make predictions and display different
inferential equations that solve all the motion of future scenarios for a given region. Currently
a fluid, in this case the air of the atmosphere, there are several scenarios, some more positive
also solve the interaction with the surface and that predict economic and social development,
is also associated with the law of conservation the increase in GDP, the intensification of
of mass (equations of motion) and the law of resources to renewable energy, changes in the
conservation of energy. These 4 equations are behaviour of society, as well as the decrease
the basis of all climate or weather prediction in illiteracy; there are more negative others that
models. show the increase in carbon emissions – due
to the use of non-renewable energy, reduction
It is not possible to solve the equations for of urbanisation, due to temperature and the
the entire globe, so the globe is divided into reduction of pastures.
parallelepipeds, with various resolutions,
which have evolved over time, increasing their Climate models do not take into account
resolution, as international reports show. The observed data and are not adjustable in terms
latest resolutions have introduced various of the observed data. The components of
components of the earth system. The earth the models are developed with adjustments
system includes the interaction between the to the observed data made by campaigns
surface, the atmosphere, the circulation of conducted by scientists or meteorologists. As
rivers, changes in vegetation, volcanoes, for the certification of the models, there is an
clouds, solar radiation, all of which are international community that serves as a referee
simulated in the models. All of this is simulated in relation to what is proposed as adjustments.
in the models, which are quite complex. The World Meteorological Organisation
(WMO) is responsible for the collection and
Over the decades, the models have taken into maintenance of the observations. In Europe,
account different elements such as the effect of each of the meteorological institutes does this
clouds, the amount of ice, the ocean, sulphate and therefore the WMO has some coordinating

29. We are most grateful for the collaboration of experts in climate change (Hans Schipper, DE; Andreu Escrivà, ES;
Sara Moraca, IT; Rita Cardoso, PT; Katarina Strapcova, SK), GMO (Harald König, DE; Esther Molina and Àngela Vidal,
ES; Giancarlo Sturloni, IT; Leonor Morais Cecilio, PT; Kačmariková Margaréta, SK), CAM (Hinnerk Feldwisch-Drentrup,
DE; Salvador Máñez Aliño, ES; Francesca Busetti, IT; Joana Almeida, PT; Silvia Putekova, SK) and vaccines (Nicola
Kuhrt, DE; Óscar Zurriaga, ES; Francesca Busetti, IT; Adriana Gaspar Rocha, PT; Jana Martinková, SK).

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